Molecular tools for detection of insecticide resistance shaik javed raju agurla department of entomology, pjtsau, hyderabad dr. Insecticide resistance management is a global challenge, and irac is delivering strategic responses worldwide with localized as well as international initiatives. The surviving members of that population are resistant. Raised resistance risks conditions that favor increased potential for resistance to develop and spread. Irac is prolonging the effectiveness of insecticides, acaricides and traits by implementing insecticide resistance management strategies, countering the development of resistance in the three core sectors of traditional crop. The idea of insecticide resistance management irm is considered to have a current emphasis, yet the concept was described as long. Pdf few areas of applied entomology have advanced as rapidly or received such widespread. Mosquitoes were resistant to insecticides of all approved classes. Global plan for insecticide resistance management in. Pesticide resistance evolves through the process of natural selection.
If insecticides are going to be used, spray when crawlers are observed, as this is the only stage in the life cycle that is controlled by contact insecticides. Insecticide resistance can be product specific, or it can develop to a certain class es of product. Pesticide resistance p genetically engineered ge crops. Insecticide resistance, a character inherited that encompasses alteration in one or more of insects genes is now a major public health challenge. An impediment to insecticide based malaria vector control program. Effective insecticide resistance management irm is essential and the. Biodiversity slows spread of pesticide resistance to free 16 july 2015 issue 421. By contrast, in the populations that were exposed to the pesticides, the frequency increased to 76%. Such complete resistance, which includes exceptionally strong phenotypes, presents a major threat to malaria. The two major forms of biochemical resistance are targetsite resistance, which occurs when the insecticide no longer binds to its target, and detoxification. Carbofuran vs carbosulfan resistance selection of the susceptible fs strain with carbofuran for seven generations resulted in about 170 fold resistance to the selection agent as well as approximately 50 fold resistance to the pro insecticide carbosulfan table 6. The who global report on insecticide resistance in malaria vectors.
Pesticide resistance is commonly cited as one of the main reasons for switching from a chemicalbased pest management system to a system based on using nonchemical alternatives. Pesticide resistance an overview sciencedirect topics. Multipleinsecticide resistance in anopheles gambiae. A large number of genes potentially involved in insecticide resistance were manually curated, including 68 putative cytochrome p450 genes, 37 putative glutathione stransferase gst genes, 19. Insecticide resistance is one of the most widespread genetic changes caused by human activity, but we still understand little about the origins and spread of resistant alleles in global populations of insects. Insecticide resistance an overview sciencedirect topics. Ir mapper, launched in 2012, is a tool used to view results from standardized insecticide resistance tests who susceptibility tests and cdc bottle assays on anopheles species collected from sites throughout the world. The primary cause of the increase is the emergence of herbicideresistant weeds. Here, via microarray analysis of all p450s in drosophila melanogaster, we show that ddtr, a gene conferring resistance to ddt, is associated with. K vijaya lakshmi director phm, niphm, hyderabad abstract insecticide resistance is becoming problematic, day by day, to those who uses them invariably for the control of medical, veterinary and agricultural insect. With frequent use, insecticide resistance ir may develop, particularly with insecticides used for adult control.
The second edition of this manual has been produced by the current members of. This occurs with insects, fungi, weed, and other pests. Although such an argument is definitely valid, it is important to remember that pests can also adapt to nonchemical methods of control. Insecticide resistance mechanisms there are several ways that insect populations can become resistant to insecticides. The main advantage of combining this type of work with knowledge of. Insects with genes that confer resistance to a particular insecticide or class of insecticides survive treatment and are thereby selected to pass on this resistance to later generations. Insecticide resistance describes the ability of strains of insects to survive normally lethal doses of insecticide, the ability having resulted from selection of tolerant individuals in populations exposed to the toxicant for several generations. Causes and action mode of action moa initiative a joint effort between the regional integrated pest management centers and the insecticide resistance action committee. However, resistance against the main insecticides used in public health pyrethroids, carbamates and organochlorines in malaria vectors is threatening the effectiveness of these control tools. Insecticide resistance, a character inherited that encompasses alteration in one or more of insects genes is now a major public health challenge combating world efforts onmalaria control strategies. The technical basis for coordinated action against insecticide. Evidence of a multiple insecticide resistance in the. Prevention and management of insecticide resistance in vectors of.
Genetics and intensive application of insecticides are two factors of several responsible for the development of insecticide resistance. The property of mosquitoes to survive exposure to a standard dose of insecticide. Insecticide resistance poses a serious threat to current malaria control efforts. Pdf impact of insecticide resistance mechanisms on. The anopheles gambiae genome will enable identification of new resistance genes and will provide new molecular targets for the design of more effective insecticides. Publication insecticide and miticide resistance management. The different resistance mechanisms may combine to provide resistance to. Insecticide resistance is achieved in a selected strain or population. Vector control in the field of public health and its complex implications underline the necessity for collaboration between all parties involved. Insecticide resistance testing at a mosquito control program. Insecticide resistance the journal of agricultural. More specifically, it is a form of artificial selection driven by the actions of humans. Pdf on jan 1, 1998, s h p parakrama karunaratne and others published insecticide resistance in insects find, read and cite all the research you need on. The frequency of the resistance gene occurring decreased from 50% to 28% in populations which were not exposed to the pesticides.
Insecticide resistance triggers a chain reaction which through deteriorated efficacy leads to vector control failure and disease control failure may be expected. Thus, pesticide resistance is the natural ability of a biotype of an organism to survive exposure to a pesticide that would normally kill an individual of that species. Thus, the thematic series on the topic of insecticide resistance in vectors offer unique opportunity to present the humananimalvector interacted knowledge and technology gaps in vectorborne diseases. Use of diverse field margins and minimised pesticide inputs can help increase natural enemies in field.
Use of alternations or sequences of different moas the objective of successful insecticide resistance management irm is to prevent or delay the evolution of resistance to insecticides, or to help regain susceptibility in insect pest populations. While at first the field was split by arguments about the relative importance of mono vs. Malaria control depends on mosquito susceptibility to insecticides. Glenn pesticide resistance is the adaptation of pest populations to the treatment of a pesticide which results in a decreased susceptibility. The neighbourjoining method was used with replicates. Prevention and management of insecticide resistance in vectors and. It is important for humans to find new and effective ways to manage pests because of this rapid evolution of resistance to pesticides. Insecticide resistance monitoring in field populations of aedes is required to determine the levels, mechanisms and geographical distribution of resistance in order to select appropriate insecticides for vector control. Resistance to insecticides was first documented by a. The different resistance mechanisms may combine to provide resistance. Pesticide resistance can build up in the pest population when a change in the genetic characteristic of the pest population is. Insecticide resistance is an overall reduction in the ability of an insecticide to kill mosquitoes. Once resistance has reached very high levels fixed in the population, most insecticide resistance management strategies, which are based to restore susceptibility, would not work.
Insecticide resistance evolution with mixtures and sequences. Insecticide resistance central institute for cotton research. The new chemical products now available are environmentally more safe but are still facing the vector resistance problems. Get screencastify simple screen video recording for chrome. Insecticide resistance can be product specific, or it. Melander in 1914 when scale insects demonstrated resistance to an. Pesticide resistance is the adaptation of pest population targeted by a pesticide resulting in decreased susceptibility to that chemical. Insecticides labeled for homeowner use against scale crawlers include acephate, malathion, bifenthrin, cyhalothrin, and cyfluthrin see table 1 for specific products. Though the book deals mostly with insecticide resistance in the cotton bollworm.
Surveys of pesticide susceptibility among pest populations is a proactive approach to detect any shift in insecticide performance and provide an early warning to modify chemical control strategies. The time to act is before resistance reaches this level. Such varieties can play a valuable part in an integrated disease management strategy. Evidencebased decisions will ensure that effective insecticides are selected and used. Resistance mechanisms insecticide resistance mechanisms as opposed to insecticide avoidance behaviors important in the control of malaria vectors have a biochemical basis figure 1. Insecticide resistance management for malaria vector control programmes. Insecticide resistance threatens effective vector control, especially for mosquitoes and malaria.
Insecticide resistance monitoring, mechanisms and management manual is a techniques book that contains methods and protocols related to the assessment, diagnosis and management of insecticide resistance in insect pests. Then press the merge button to get your merged pdf. The resistance phenotypes have long been analyzed according to these useful biochemical and physiological criteria. Pesticide resistance genetically engineered ge crops have been responsible for an increase of 383 million pounds of herbicide use in the u. Take steps to avoid insecticide resistance ways to slow and prevent insecticide resistance from developing. Insecticide resistance monitoring is essential to understand the actual threat and how resistance is spreading among malaria vectors. This means that, when used as directed, a product no longer works, or only partially works.
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